3. The space between these two layers is called the pleural cavity. Researchers from Columbia University and Vanderbilt University used pigs to repair damaged, human lungs to the point that they could be viable for transplant, according to a study published Monday in Nature Medicine highlighting a process that potentially could increase the number of lungs available for patients in need. The porcine left lung is similar to the human left lung because it consists of a cranial lobe and a caudal lobe. The right and left lungs differ in size and shape to accommodate other organs that encroach on the thoracic region. It contains a lubricating fluid and isolates the heart from body movements such as the expansion and contraction of the nearby pleural (lung) cavity. To view details of the aortic arch, ductus arteriosus, and pulmonary artery, it will be helpful to remove the left lung. It is possible to remove one of the lobes surgically (lobectomy) in a life-threatening situation, like in a severe case of tuberculosis or lung cancer. The lungs are innervated by the parasympathetic and sympathetic nervous systems, which coordinate the bronchodilation and bronchoconstriction of the airways. The mesothelial cells of the pleural membrane create pleural fluid, which serves as both a lubricant (to reduce friction during breathing) and as an adhesive to adhere the lungs to the thoracic wall (to facilitate movement of the lungs during ventilation). It is wedge-shaped and includes the lower part of the anterior border and the anterior part of the base of the lung. You have already seen the pharynx, hard palate, soft palate, epiglottis, glottis, trachea, and larynx. The lingula serves as the equivalent to the right lungs middle lobe in the left lung [8]. The reason why there is no middle lobe, which makes the left lung smaller than the right, is that it makes room for the heart as the human heart is placed slightly towards the left side of the chest. The lungs are divided into the right lung and left lung. The right upper lobe is one of the largest lobes of the lungs and is located on the anterior surface of the chest, taking up most of the space here. The lungs are one of the most important organs present in the body. Is it possible for a lens to have a positive focal length for some colors and negative for others? The lungs are enclosed by the pleura, a membrane that is composed of visceral and parietal pleural layers. Whole organ transplants such as this had never been done before with a positive result, said Joan Nichols, a professor of internal medicine at the University of Texas Medical Branch (UTMB) in Galveston and one of the researchers. the pig have broncial tubes leading into the lungs, which mean. The human left lung is smaller and narrower that the right lung, and is divided into two lobes, an upper and a lower, by the oblique fissure. An air bubble that has a volume of 0.001 m3^{3}3 is released at a depth of 21 m in a freshwater lake. Oblique Fissures: Separates the superior or upper lobe from the lower lobes of both lungs [9]. To answer the second question, its hard to say why humans have 2 to 3 lobes per lung, but I would disagree with the previous comment and say . because the respitory system is different in that of a pig than Observe how the diaphragm attaches to the body wall and separates the abdominal cavity from the lung (pleural) and heart (pericardial) cavities (Photographs below). It houses bacteria used to digest plant materials such as cellulose. { "21.4A:_Lungs" : "property get [Map MindTouch.Deki.Logic.ExtensionProcessorQueryProvider+<>c__DisplayClass228_0.b__1]()", "21.4B:_Lobes_Fissures_and_Lobules" : "property get [Map MindTouch.Deki.Logic.ExtensionProcessorQueryProvider+<>c__DisplayClass228_0.b__1]()", "21.4C:_Blood_Supply_to_the_Lungs" : "property get [Map MindTouch.Deki.Logic.ExtensionProcessorQueryProvider+<>c__DisplayClass228_0.b__1]()" }, { "21.10:_Respiration_Control" : "property get [Map MindTouch.Deki.Logic.ExtensionProcessorQueryProvider+<>c__DisplayClass228_0.b__1]()", "21.11:_Respiratory_Adjustments" : "property get [Map MindTouch.Deki.Logic.ExtensionProcessorQueryProvider+<>c__DisplayClass228_0.b__1]()", "21.1:_Overview_of_the_Respiratory_System" : "property get [Map MindTouch.Deki.Logic.ExtensionProcessorQueryProvider+<>c__DisplayClass228_0.b__1]()", "21.2:_Conducting_Zone" : "property get [Map MindTouch.Deki.Logic.ExtensionProcessorQueryProvider+<>c__DisplayClass228_0.b__1]()", "21.3:_Respiratory_Zone" : "property get [Map MindTouch.Deki.Logic.ExtensionProcessorQueryProvider+<>c__DisplayClass228_0.b__1]()", "21.4:_The_Lungs_and_Pleurae" : "property get [Map MindTouch.Deki.Logic.ExtensionProcessorQueryProvider+<>c__DisplayClass228_0.b__1]()", "21.5:_Mechanics_of_Breathing" : "property get [Map MindTouch.Deki.Logic.ExtensionProcessorQueryProvider+<>c__DisplayClass228_0.b__1]()", "21.6:_Factors_Affecting_Pulmonary_Ventilation" : "property get [Map MindTouch.Deki.Logic.ExtensionProcessorQueryProvider+<>c__DisplayClass228_0.b__1]()", "21.7:_Nonrespiratory_Lung_Functions" : "property get [Map MindTouch.Deki.Logic.ExtensionProcessorQueryProvider+<>c__DisplayClass228_0.b__1]()", "21.8:_Gas_Laws" : "property get [Map MindTouch.Deki.Logic.ExtensionProcessorQueryProvider+<>c__DisplayClass228_0.b__1]()", "21.9:_Gas_Exchange" : "property get [Map MindTouch.Deki.Logic.ExtensionProcessorQueryProvider+<>c__DisplayClass228_0.b__1]()" }, [ "article:topic", "license:ccbysa", "showtoc:no" ], https://med.libretexts.org/@app/auth/3/login?returnto=https%3A%2F%2Fmed.libretexts.org%2FBookshelves%2FAnatomy_and_Physiology%2FAnatomy_and_Physiology_(Boundless)%2F21%253A_Respiratory_System%2F21.4%253A_The_Lungs_and_Pleurae%2F21.4B%253A_Lobes_Fissures_and_Lobules, \( \newcommand{\vecs}[1]{\overset { \scriptstyle \rightharpoonup} {\mathbf{#1}}}\) \( \newcommand{\vecd}[1]{\overset{-\!-\!\rightharpoonup}{\vphantom{a}\smash{#1}}} \)\(\newcommand{\id}{\mathrm{id}}\) \( \newcommand{\Span}{\mathrm{span}}\) \( \newcommand{\kernel}{\mathrm{null}\,}\) \( \newcommand{\range}{\mathrm{range}\,}\) \( \newcommand{\RealPart}{\mathrm{Re}}\) \( \newcommand{\ImaginaryPart}{\mathrm{Im}}\) \( \newcommand{\Argument}{\mathrm{Arg}}\) \( \newcommand{\norm}[1]{\| #1 \|}\) \( \newcommand{\inner}[2]{\langle #1, #2 \rangle}\) \( \newcommand{\Span}{\mathrm{span}}\) \(\newcommand{\id}{\mathrm{id}}\) \( \newcommand{\Span}{\mathrm{span}}\) \( \newcommand{\kernel}{\mathrm{null}\,}\) \( \newcommand{\range}{\mathrm{range}\,}\) \( \newcommand{\RealPart}{\mathrm{Re}}\) \( \newcommand{\ImaginaryPart}{\mathrm{Im}}\) \( \newcommand{\Argument}{\mathrm{Arg}}\) \( \newcommand{\norm}[1]{\| #1 \|}\) \( \newcommand{\inner}[2]{\langle #1, #2 \rangle}\) \( \newcommand{\Span}{\mathrm{span}}\)\(\newcommand{\AA}{\unicode[.8,0]{x212B}}\), status page at https://status.libretexts.org, Distinguish between the right and left lungs based on their lobes, fissures, and lobules. the pig have broncial tubes leading into the lungs, That was a very good first try.. When they compress, they expel carbon dioxide, a waste gas that bodies produce. Fissures separate these lobes from each other. The pericardium is a membrane that surrounds the heart and lines the pericardial cavity. Locate the cecum, a blind pouch where the small intestine joins the large intestine. Eventually, she added, it might be possible to create scaffold lungs using a 3D printer eliminating the need for donor . It is further divided into two segments, upper or superior and lower or inferior. The right lung consists of three lobes: the superior, middle, and inferior lobes. Reflexes such as coughing, and the ability of the lungs to regulate oxygen and carbon dioxide levels, also result from this autonomic nervous system control. In the human lung, the collagenous component of these interlobular septae is incomplete, and interalveolar pores (of Kohn) and other communicating channels have been described in alveolar walls ( 36, 37 ). Most people with pneumonia respond well to treatment, but pneumonia can be very serious and even deadly. Each lung is located in a body cavity called a pleural cavity. Open the jaw wide enough so that the glottis and epiglottis are exposed. Your pig may or may not have that injection. The bronchi branch further inside the lungs becoming bronchioles which terminate at alveoli, clusters of air sacs where oxygen and carbon dioxide are exchanged with tiny blood Obtain a fetal pig and identify the structures listed in the first photograph. Due to this reason, the total capacity, volume and weight of the right lung is more than that of the left lung. The left lung has only two formal lobes because of the space taken up in the left side of the chest cavity by the heart, though it does have the lingula, which is similar to a lobe. Anatomy and Physiology questions and answers. The superior lobe, which is the larger of the two lobes of the lungs, lies above and in front of this fissure and includes the apex, the anterior border and a part of the costal surface and the greater part of the mediastinal surface of the lung. Compare the gross anatomy of the lungs of pigs and humans. vessels. Lung worms - Small thread-like worms causing a parasitic pneumonia. Nichols said that, theoretically at least, human donor lungs could be used as scaffolds even if they werent healthy enough to be transplanted. When breathing, air passes through the nasal passages to the nasopharynx. The action of breathing is a muscular operation, the muscles involved are: The lungs are pyramid-shaped, paired organs that are connected to the trachea by the right and left bronchi; on the inferior surface, the lungs are bordered by the diaphragm. The lungs are located on either side of the heart and are separated by fissures into lobes, three in the right and two lobes in the left. The other fissure, which is the horizontal fissure, separates the superior from the middle lobe. Science. The second branch is the left subclavian artery which goes to the left front leg. The lingula is not formally considered to be a lobe. The lobes are further divided into segments and then into lobules, which are hexagonal divisions of the lungs that are the smallest visible subdivision. As a result, the right lung is larger, having three lobes, while the left one only has two [4]. The lobes are further separated into smaller segments, with the right lung having 10 segments and the left lung having 9 [2]. lung. That could mean that many more people could get the lungs they need. What is the answer punchline algebra 15.1 why dose a chicken coop have only two doors? The respiratory system in a pig uses bronchial tubes leading to like humans, pigs have multilobed lungs. The left lung is a little smaller than the right lung because it has to make space for the heart (the cardiac notch) in the left side of the thoracic cavity. Every year, thousands of people suffering from organ failure die while waiting for a new kidney, heart or lung. Contraction of the diaphragm forces air into the lungs. So we can say that all the lung lobes have the same function of aiding in respiration and exchange of gases. The right lung is shorter and wider than the left lung, and the left lung occupies a smaller volume than the right. The word urogenital refers to an opening that serves both the urinary (excretory) and the reproductive systems. Continue separating the tissue with a probe until the trachea and esophagus are exposed. Continue cutting from the anterior end of this cut so that it resembles an upside-down U. The two human lungs are divided into multiple smaller sections by fissures. Attributions for Fetal Pig Dissection MODIFIED from: Original work by Michael J. Gregory, Clinton Community College / CC BY-NC-SA 3.0. Why does the right lung have three lobes and the left lung has two. This category only includes cookies that ensures basic functionalities and security features of the website. the pig have broncial tubes leading into the lungs, which mean more air is nessecary when the oxygen is. The air sacs may fill with fluid or pus (purulent material), causing cough with phlegm or pus, fever, chills, and difficulty breathing. The bronchi branch further inside the lungs becoming bronchioles which terminate at alveoli, clusters of air sacs where oxygen and carbon dioxide are exchanged with tiny . Below: esophagus, larynx, trachea, bronchus, lungs. What is a reason a mathematical model can fail? The lungs are paired and separated into lobes; The left lung consists of two lobes, whereas the right lung consists of three lobes. Each lobule receives its own large bronchiole that has multiple branches. This fissure corresponds closely with the fissure in the left lung. These sections are called the lobes of the lungs [1].if(typeof ez_ad_units != 'undefined'){ez_ad_units.push([[580,400],'therespiratorysystem_com-medrectangle-3','ezslot_3',107,'0','0'])};__ez_fad_position('div-gpt-ad-therespiratorysystem_com-medrectangle-3-0'); The number of lobes varies between the right and left lungs in a normal human being:if(typeof ez_ad_units != 'undefined'){ez_ad_units.push([[970,250],'therespiratorysystem_com-medrectangle-4','ezslot_2',108,'0','0'])};__ez_fad_position('div-gpt-ad-therespiratorysystem_com-medrectangle-4-0'); The right lung has three lobes, namely, the superior (upper), middle and inferior (lower) lobes [2].if(typeof ez_ad_units != 'undefined'){ez_ad_units.push([[970,250],'therespiratorysystem_com-box-4','ezslot_4',109,'0','0'])};__ez_fad_position('div-gpt-ad-therespiratorysystem_com-box-4-0'); Unlike the right lung, there are only two lobes in the left lung: the superior (upper) and inferior (lower) lung lobes [3].if(typeof ez_ad_units != 'undefined'){ez_ad_units.push([[970,250],'therespiratorysystem_com-banner-1','ezslot_5',110,'0','0'])};__ez_fad_position('div-gpt-ad-therespiratorysystem_com-banner-1-0'); Why does the right lung have three lobes and the left lung has two. In the photograph below, the heart and blood vessels of the neck region have been removed so that the trachea can be seen more clearly. To answer the second question first, yes, the left has two lobes to make room for the heart. Copyright Bodytomy & Buzzle.com, Inc. The major function of the lungs is to perform gas exchange, which requires blood from the pulmonary circulation. The blood supply of the lungs plays an important role in gas exchange and serves as a transport system for gases throughout the body. Once the blood is oxygenated, it drains from the alveoli by way of multiple pulmonary veins, which exit the lungs through the hilum. document.getElementById( "ak_js_1" ).setAttribute( "value", ( new Date() ).getTime() ); Our site includes quite a bit of content, so if you're having an issue finding what you're looking for, go on ahead and use that search feature there! Contraction of the diaphragm forces air into the lungs. The extra lobes hold extra oxygen so that the pig isn't There is a hilium for each of the lungs found in the mediastinum (backside) of the lungs. What is the reflection of the story of princess urduja? The left lung has a depression on the medial side of its surface called the cardiac notch, a concave impression molded to accommodate the shape of the heart. The large hard structure attached to the trachea is the larynx. At least 40 chemicals in sidestream smoke have been identified that negatively impact human health, leading to the development of cancer or other conditions, such as immune system dysfunction, liver toxicity, cardiac arrhythmias, pulmonary edema, and neurological dysfunction. In addition, innervation by the both the parasympathetic and sympathetic nervous systems provides an important level of control through dilation and constriction of the airway. Pigs are actually a lot MORE smarter than humans. The visceral and parietal pleurae connect to each other at the hilum. On the mediastinal surface of the lung, it may be traced backwards to the hilum. The apex of the lung is the superior region, whereas the base is the opposite region near the diaphragm. After entering the lungs, the right bronchus divides into three lobar bronchi, while the left bronchus divides into two lobar bronchi [10] one for each of the lung lobes. On the other hand, the inferior right lobe is primarily located towards the posterior surface of the chest and very little is projected onto the anterior chest. The volume of the bubble when it reaches the surface is closest to The lungs are located in two chambers of the thoracic cavity on either side of the heart. which mean more air is nessecary when the oxygen is traveling The costal surface of the lung borders the ribs. Lingula means little in Latin. Glssers disease - Caused by Haemophilus parasuis. This website uses cookies to improve your experience. Air and food pass through the oropharynx, a space in the posterior portion of the mouth. The left lung contains three lobes and the right lung contains four. Want to create or adapt books like this? You should not remove these structures yet because you will need to identify the blood vessels later in the dissection. There is a cavity, called the pleural cavity, between the parietal and visceral layers of the pleura. of a human. The right lung is divided by the oblique fissure, which separates the inferior lobe from the middle and superior lobes, and the horizontal fissure, which separates the superior from the middle lobe. Some diseases of the lungs typically affect one or more bronchopulmonary segments, and in some cases, the diseased segments can be surgically removed with little influence on neighboring segments. Identify the liver. Pneumonia is an infection that inflames the air sacs in one or both lungs. A team of researchers in Texas showed that bioengineered lungs could be implanted into pigs without triggering an immune reaction or causing other medical problems. That could mean that many more people could get the lungs they need. Pigs have 3 and 3. The next major hurdle and its a big one will be getting the artificial lungs to actually work to oxygenate the blood. Lungs do not have muscles to pump air in . Identify, on your fetal pig, each structure from the labeled photographs. A pig weighing around 60 kilograms will, for example, resemble a human body in . throught the tubes. This fissure extends from the costal to the mediastinal surface of the lung, both above and below the hilum. What did the Nazis begin using gas chambers instead of mobile killing units and shooting squads after a while? It contains the vocal cords. It bears medial and lateral bronchopulmonary segments. One arteriole and an accompanying venule supply and drain one pulmonary lobule. Describe the cartilaginous structures of the respiratory system. It is at this point that the capillary wall meets the alveolar wall, creating the respiratory membrane. They are very similar, just placed different and sized different. Below: hard palate, soft palate, glottis, epiglottis, tongue. The left lung contains three lobes and the right lung contains four. Though there are effective medications and surgeries to treat lung diseases, some diseases may even be life-threatening. A cut is made on the side of the animal from the point just posterior to the diaphragm dorsally. Follow the trachea to where it branches into two bronchi and observe that each bronchus leads to a lung. This means that the pig uterus has two large horns in addition to the body. The pulmonary capillary network consists of tiny vessels with very thin walls that lack smooth muscle fibers. The appendix in humans is the evolutionary remains of a larger cecum in human ancestors. 6789 Quail Hill Pkwy, Suite 211 Irvine CA 92603. The middle lobe is the smallest of all the lung lobes of the right lung. Compare the gross anatomy of the lungs of pigs and humans. Legal. From the laryngopharynx, air passes through the glottis to the trachea. The lungs are the major organs of the respiratory system and are responsible for performing gas exchange. Is the singer Avant and R Kelly brothers? We've created informative articles that you can come back to again and again when you have questions or want to learn more! Published on November 13th 2017 by admin under. To view details of the aortic arch, ductus arteriosus, and pulmonary artery, it will be helpful to remove the left lung. Repeat this with the back leg. The right lung has three lobes, whereas the left lung has only two lobes. The hard palate and soft palate separate the nasal and oral cavities. The right lung is five centimeters shorter than the left lung to accommodate the diaphragm, which rises higher on the right side over the liver; it is also broader. 21.4B: Lobes, Fissures, and Lobules is shared under a CC BY-SA license and was authored, remixed, and/or curated by LibreTexts. As they near the alveoli, the pulmonary arteries become the pulmonary capillary network. P-50. But opting out of some of these cookies may have an effect on your browsing experience. With the left lung removed, the heart can be pushed to the right side to reveal the aorta and other blood vessels shown in the diagram below. Which of these hormones stimulates stomach secretions? The volume, the total capacity, and the weight of the right lung is greater than that of the left. What is error code E01-5 on Toyota forklift. By the end of this section, you will be able to: A major organ of the respiratory system, each lung houses structures of both the conducting and respiratory zones. It bears medial, lateral, superior, anterior, and posterior bronchopulmonary segments. The tertiary bronchi further branch into bronchioles to finally lead the inhaled air into the alveoli [12]. Learn more about how Pressbooks supports open publishing practices. Pioneering experiment could lead eventually to better treatment for people with organ failure. It lies beneath the oblique fissure. the human liver has four lobes, the pig liver has five lobes, In the fetal pig, the adrenal glands are found near the aorta towards the cephalic end of the kidneys, instead of on top of the kidneys as is the case in humans, Stomach, spleen, bile duct system, small intestines, kidneys, bladder, etc, like humans, pigs have multilobed lungs. The kinds of sounds made by pigs are grunts, barks, squeals, pants, and coughing noises. The diaphragm is the flat, dome-shaped muscle located at the base of the lungs and thoracic cavity. Why do pigs have more lung lobes than humans? Your finished cut will be anterior to the navel and along each side of the navel. The fetal pig uterus is of a type called bicornate, compared to the simplex human uterus. Their process starts about a month before the transplant, when a lung taken from another animal is chemically stripped of its cells. The lungs are spongy organs that surround the heart in the midline of the thoracic For an optimal experience visit our site on another browser. The lungs are spongy organs that surround the heart in the midline of the thoracic cavity. The 3 lobes of the left lung are apical, cardiac, and The upper and lower lobe is divided by a fissure known as an oblique fissure. Use the probe to peel away muscle tissue until the thymus gland on each side of the trachea is exposed. Blood passes from the left ventricle through the aortic arch and aorta to the body. Histology & Anatomy of Fetal Pig - Thoracic Cavity, Histology & Anatomy of Fetal Pig - Larynx, Histology & Anatomy of Fetal Pig - Thyroid, Histology & Anatomy of Fetal Pig - Carotid Arteries, Histology & Anatomy of Fetal Pig - Inferior Vena Cava, Histology & Anatomy of Fetal Pig - Trachea, Histology & Anatomy of Fetal Pig - Esophagus, Histology & Anatomy of Fetal Pig - Jugular Veins, Histology & Anatomy of Fetal Pig - Thymus. We hope you enjoy this website. Several different pig dissections were used to obtain the photographs below. The epiglottis projects up into a region called the pharynx. The apex of the lung is the superior region, whereas the base is the opposite region near the diaphragm. It extends along the length of the stomach from the left side of the body (your right) to the point where the stomach joins the small intestine. The pulmonary artery is capable of delivering a large amount of blood to the lungs but the lungs are not needed to oxygenate the blood of a fetus, so most of the blood is diverted to the aorta. Infected animals may develop meningitis, arthritis, endocarditis, sepsis and/or sudden death. Respiratory Physiology Experiment. A teacher walks into the Classroom and says If only Yesterday was Tomorrow Today would have been a Saturday Which Day did the Teacher make this Statement? What is error code E01-5 on Toyota forklift. Sensory nerve fibers arise from the vagus nerve, and from the second to fifth thoracic ganglia. Identify external urogenital structures of the male and female fetal pig. It is mandatory to procure user consent prior to running these cookies on your website. It might be a common insult but, interestingly, there are a number of similarities between humans and pigs. Dilation and constriction of the airway are achieved through nervous control by the parasympathetic and sympathetic nervous systems. The right lung is divided into three lobes. The cardiac notch is an indentation on the surface of the left lung, and it allows space for the heart (Figure 1). The lungs are a major organ that is part of the respiratory system, taking in fresh air and getting rid of old, stale air. It is also known as tongue of the lung because of its shape. Horizontal Fissure: Present only in the right lung, separates the middle lobe from the upper and lower right lung lobes [1]. The lungs are basically made up of parenchymatous tissue that is present in this form on the right and left, which thus, constitutes the right and left lungs. The two lungs are not identical. The parasympathetic system causes bronchoconstriction, whereas the sympathetic nervous system stimulates bronchodilation. What is the answer punchline algebra 15.1 why dose a chicken coop have only two doors? What is the reflection of the story of princess urduja? 2003-2023 Chegg Inc. All rights reserved. Insert one blade of scissors through the body wall on one side of the umbilical cord and cut posteriorly to the base of the leg as shown in the first photograph below. Compare and contrast the right and left lungs. The upper lobe is the largest lobe of the right lung. The lungs of pigs and humans are highly lobulated, with well-defined pulmonary lobules demarcated by interlobular septae. Cortiella takes a special interest in the work because he suffers from the lung condition pulmonary fibrosis. The left lung consist of two lobes and is longer and narrower than the right lung. Children are especially affected by second-hand smoke. A similar cut is made on the other side. This adhesive characteristic of the pleural fluid causes the lungs to enlarge when the thoracic wall expands during ventilation, allowing the lungs to fill with air. However, its direction is more vertical and it cuts the lower border of the right lung around 7.5 cm behind its anterior extremity. The lobes are further divided into segments and then into lobules, hexagonal divisions of the lungs that are the smallest subdivision visible to the naked eye. Below the oropharynx, the laryngopharynx leads to the opening of the larynx and esophagus. To this end, the lungs exchange respiratory gases across a very large epithelial surface areaabout 70 square metersthat is highly permeable to gases. (D) 0.004 m3^{3}3. The pulmonary artery branches multiple times as it follows the bronchi, and each branch becomes progressively smaller in diameter. (C) 0.003 m3^{3}3. The resulting lung scaffold is then seeded with cells taken from the recipient animal and treated with chemicals that cause these cells to proliferate. It is estimated that the risk of developing lung cancer is increased by up to 30 percent in nonsmokers who live with an individual who smokes in the house, as compared to nonsmokers who are not regularly exposed to second-hand smoke.

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